Skill of the Week: The Parents' Guide to the First Year of Life

Congratulations! You just brought your little bundle of joy home from the hospital, and you are so excited to start the rest of your life. You begin to envision your child as a happy baby, growing into a feisty toddler, and beam at the thought of the two of you, hugging, on the first day of preschool. Until... Another fleeting thought... You realize that there are so many stages for your baby to first go through, and you are immediately overwhelmed at the thought of raising your child in a developmentally appropriate manner. As a pediatric occupational therapist and mommy x 3, I know that it is absolutely frightening to think of every skill that you "should" work on every day- in order to help your child meet developmental milestones. After all, not everyone has the time or energy (hello, newborn sleep-deprivation!) to go through the daily developmental checklist. After working with some of my early intervention families, I realized that many parents would truly appreciate having one skill to focus on each week, incorporating attainable goals to help their children reach milestones. "Skill of the Week" will offer families an opportunity to engage their babies, using best practices for cognitive, fine motor, gross motor, and social and emotional skill development. The series will highlight one skill per week throughout the baby's first year of life, which a family can easily incorporate into their [child's] daily routine. Toy suggestions will also be provided- to complement the skill that is being featured. You might be saying, I will enjoy my child as soon as she can sit or talk or run or go to school. Perhaps you think, "babies are not my thing." But they can be when you realize all that your child can and will do. So I say, let's work on one skill at a time, marveling in each new achievement. I promise, it really is amazing.

Handwriting: Pencil vs. iPad

The debate over the importance of handwriting is looming, as technology is gaining momentum in classrooms and households all over the country. With the increased use of keyboarding and accessibility to information- thanks to the internet, why are students demonstrating increased difficulty learning and recalling important information? And why do more and more students seem to need Occupational Therapy for handwriting problems? The WSJ article, "How Handwriting Boosts the Brain," discusses the importance of the physical act of writing in order to improve fine motor skills, learning letters and shapes (which is necessary for letter recognition), and idea expression and layout. Kids and adults alike reap the benefits of the physical act of handwriting... It is easier to learn new information when you physically sequence a task, using the visual and motoric systems. When I was in OT school at Columbia, it truly helped me to learn the information presented during classes- and in preparation of the Boards- when I wrote it out first. According to this article, the use of iPads actually mimics handwriting through the touch screen. The user must create the letters- 1 stroke at a time and in sequential order. Using a finger and/or stylus can be just like using a pencil on paper. Through this technology, improvement in the aforementioned skills can be demonstrated- including buzz words such as visual motor (control hand movements with the use of vision) and visual perceptual skills (gathering information through vision and integrating with the other senses). Although technology can be a wonderful addition for emergent skills- it should not replace "the real thing." Handwriting continues to be an important part of a child's school-aged years. Scribing notes during lessons (including copying directly from the board), taking tests, and completing in-class assignments, as well as communicating ideas, answers, thoughts, greetings, and basically, knowledge to people, are all age-appropriate expectations of students in present-day classrooms. Future requirements of students include the timed composition areas of the SATs. Good handwriting strokes (letter formation) = efficient strokes = faster handwriting... Analysis of a child's handwriting can also provide clues to developmental problems that potentially hinder classroom learning, as teachers depend on written work in order to measure how well a child is learning. An occupational therapist will look at the following components of handwriting: Demonstration of correct grasp of a pencil Spatial concepts (spacing; sizing; orientation to line) Maintaining posture (core strength and upper extremity stabilization) Copy of letters/words (near-copy from another piece of paper / far-copy from the chalkboard) Letter formation Utilization of appropriate pressure- prevent fatigue If you have any questions or concerns about your child's handwriting skills, please contact me at julie@etikids.com or by calling 813.856.9449. You can read more about the Helping Hand for Handwriting classes here.

Postitional Plagiocephaly

Positional plagiocephaly. Flat head syndrome- due to positioning of the infant on the back for extended periods of time. With the back-to-sleep campaign that began in the early 1990s, many parents became afraid of placing a baby on his/her stomach- and left their infants on their back, in swings, and/or carseats. Has the increase in positional plagiocephaly also caused a rise in developmental delays? According to a 2010 study that was published in Science Daily, babies with flat heads may be at a higher risk for cognitive and motor delays. It makes sense- when an infant is always on his/her back, he/she does not receive the proprioceptive input (feeling of where body is in relation to space) or the neck extension (straightening). The child could potentially be delayed in meeting milestones. After all, it is more difficult to attend to a stimulus while on your back (then on your stomach). Additionally, many babies will take longer to learn how to roll, crawl, sit, and stand, as the core muscles will not be strong enough to move against gravity. As an occupational therapist, I work with many kids that have positional plagiocephaly. During the session, I teach families how to place their babies during waking hours - as well as how to engage them - to prevent worsening of and correct the flat spot. Although pediatricians recommend back-to-sleep, I encourage families to keep babies OFF of their backs (out of the supine position) as much as possible during waking hours. What can you do? Here are three "quick" suggestions to PREVENT positional plagiocephaly. TUMMY TIME! I can't say it enough. Although a Tummy Time article on parents.com mentioned to place an infant on his/her stomach beginning "around the 3-4 month mark," I believe it should happen MUCH earlier. You can put your baby on YOUR stomach- after feeding, while he/she is sleeping, and during waking hours during the newborn stage. It is a great way to bond with your baby and can also help with burping! (In all fairness, the article DID mention this.) ***Just be careful until the umbilical cord has fallen off. Be a switch-hitter! Switch sides in your arms (after every feed) and in the crib (each night)- get your baby comfortable resting his/her head on BOTH sides. Just because it is made- does not mean it is right for your child. Meaning- just because Bumbo seats, exersaucers, jumpers, walkers, and swings (etc...) are readily available in many, many stores, they are not necessarily appropriate for your child- in his/her current stage of development. Although those items can be great distractions- extended use may NOT be recommended. It is very scary to be a parent nowadays- I TOTALLY get it. Remember that you are not alone. If your parent instinct tells your that your child may have positional plagiocephaly, speak to your pediatrician. I am also available to lend my expert opinion about positioning and engaging "activities" to do with your baby.

Entertaining the Toddler with Fine Motor Activities

You need to entertain your toddler before everything gets destroyed. I get it. I scramble for stimulating activities all of the time, since my super-precocious 2 year-old is always looking for the "next big thing." Seriously, this morning, there was 2 minutes of quiet, while I fed the baby. As I went into MY bedroom (the door had been shut), said 2-year-old came out, holding the toothpaste cap. He was painting on the floor with the toothpaste. *Sigh That being said: here are the best activities to entertain a toddler- and improve fine motor skills. 1) Chalkboard. GREAT for wrist extension and shoulder stability- two important components to improving fine motor skills. Plus, using chalk is SO much fun! Vary it and take the activity outside- write on the sidewalk/driveway. Begin writing letters- practice with large letters first! 2) WATER TABLE! It is a wonderful sensory activity that also requires balance (reaching, lifting, shifting weight) and fine motor control (control of objects in hand, as well as grasping skills). Practice pouring to/from cups of all sizes, including stackable cups, to develop the concepts of greater than and less than. Improve their play skills as (you) engage them in scenarios by modeling the behavior. Bonus** it is easy to supervise! Bored with the water- use rice or sand instead... 3) Pom pom sorting. By color. By size. With clothespins. With spoons. Talk to them about concepts such as more than and less than. 4) Collage (***With Adult Supervision***). The glue can get messy- but this is a really great way to kill 45 minutes! Rip up paper with different textures into pieces of varying size. Glue on items of all sizes, shapes and color. Perhaps dabble with scissor skills (only with absolute, 100% adult supervision!). Hopefully this helps. The toddler and I will be collaging tomorrow. As soon as I finish cleaning my bathroom. :)

Creating a Crawler. Almost.

Nature vs. Nurture. You can't always change nature, but you sure can nurture- offer tools to help your kiddo meet milestones and achieve success. My 6-month-old is crawling. Almost. Although he has been army crawling for over a week, yesterday he took four purposeful movements in quadruped position (on all fours!).

My EtiKid(s) began kicking in utero! I actually have videos of my stomach lurching side to side as the older one kicked as hard as he could -from the inside. That being said, I am an Occupational Therapist and Early Childhood Education Teacher. Having studied a lot of child development, I knew enough about the importance of positioning and environment- giving him with opportunities and motivation to meet success. I did not use hand-over-hand cuing to teach him, but he was provided with a stimulating-enough environment and appropriate positions to foster his development. Although every child develops at his/her own pace and nothing with children is guaranteed, offering developmentally appropriate tools can help your child thrive. Here are 3 QUICK tips to foster those gross motor skills. 1) Play- Someone was almost always on the floor playing with him. He was read to, shown cause and effect toys, and smiled at throughout the day. Also, there is an older sibling. I made sure that there was a lot of interaction between the two and clearly the baby now wants to be just like his big brother. (PS- big brother began crawling at 6.5 mos- and he was provided with the same "tools," minus the older sibling. *sigh 2) Tummy Time- can't be stressed enough. Some "experts" recommend 30 minutes per day to parents. I did FAR more. Pretty much every waking moment was spent on his stomach or upright in my arms (his middle name is "hold me!"). 3) Reaching- While laying on a mat, I put some bright toys that were sure to be his favorite just out of reach. This also helped to improve his grasping skills. Through our efforts to overcome shoulder dystocia, we created a crawling monster. Almost.

What Should We Play With? For Infants, Ages 4-6 Months

What Should We Play With? Part II Although it has been a while, I have received requests for the next post to be about the best toys for infants, ages 4-6 months. This is one of the hardest stages because your baby is beginning to be mobile but is not quite ready to be seated upright for extended periods of time in exersaucers and such (refer to this post for more information as to why). Babies at this stage are rapidly developing and becoming more like little people (and much less like little zombies, who primarily want to eat, sleep, be held, and be changed!). Therefore, toys at this stage should be more stimulating, to increase their level of awareness. In addition, toys that work on cause/effect (touch this and lights go on) are important. The following toys can all be found on Amazon.com. Tummy Time Mat Tummy time is one of the most, if not THE MOST, important positions for this stage of development. See Part I for more information. The Tiny Love Activity Gym mat is also a favorite, as the lights, sounds, and items to grab while on the back and stomach are stimulating for the babies. In addition, they can practice rolling all over because their are fun things to see at every corner! Sit them up on the mat- have them grab and reach the items that are at shoulder-level... This mat can have many uses!

Activity Table This Fisher Price table is a great example of the type of toy to give your growing infant. The legs can be modified accordingly to allow the baby to access the various components of the table while in tummy time, on the side, seated, and standing. This activity table has room to grow with your baby - and you will notice that he/she will play differently with the table throughout various stages of development (rolling, sitting, crawling, walking).

Activity Bars Your child is working on grabbing, pulling, and pushing. Keep your child busy on walks or long car rides with this activity bar! This is also a great way to have your child practice sitting up...

Board Books Touch and feel board books are my favorite for babies this age! Aside from beginning to see words, large pictures and feel textures, they are easy to clean and begin to teach babies how to turn pages (left to right). The books also offer entertainment when seated in tummy time and ensure that you are focusing attention on your baby (after all, who doesn't like attention!?!?!). This book of baby animals was/is a favorite of my EtiKids! They love to hear and make the sounds of the animals!

How To: Know When Your Infant is Ready to Sit Up

A mother in one of my Mom-groups on Facebook recently posed a question- regarding the positioning of her daughter. While in daycare, her 3-month-old was seated upright in a Bumbo seat with toys placed on a tray in front of her. While many parents agreed that it was ok to do so in order to prepare the infant for sitting upright, the OT (Occupational Therapist) in me said otherwise. This now leads me to the age-old question: When is it ok to start sitting up a baby? My response was/is: An OT is primarily concerned with the positioning of the child to help him/her improve all domains of development and meet milestones. At the infant stage, appropriate positioning will foster increased socialization skills and awareness by simultaneously developing strength. This will also enable the baby to maintain positions for extended periods of time. Skipping the important steps/milestones may actually delay your child's development! At 3 months of age, most babies do not have consistent head/neck control, as bobbing is frequently seen. To foster this skill, caregivers should gradually reduce the amount of support provided while holding the baby. For example, instead of supporting the head/neck with the whole hand- try using only fingers. Additionally, until a baby has developed very strong spinal muscles, they should not be placed in Bumbo seats or upright on Boppy pillows for too long. If there is curvature of the spine (and you can seen the vertebrae sticking out)or leaning to the side, the baby is not ready to sit by him/herself.

In her blog, Janet Lansbury writes that sitting babies in restrictive seats (exersaucer, infant seats, and jumpers) for extended periods of time will potentially cause your child to skip important milestones such as rolling and crawling! The belief of MANY parents is that these items are helpful for parenting (providing opportunities to shower and such). As with much of the equipment for babies, they should be used in moderation. Tummy time with toys placed in front of the child would be more appropriate at this stage to increase head/neck development, strengthen the extensor (straightening) muscles of the spine, increase grip/fine motor skills and continue to increase awareness of the environment that surrounds him/her. Placing the toys in front and around the baby will foster rotation and mobility, which will help the child learn to roll over and eventually crawl. Additionally, your child will receive more proprioceptive sensory input, which teaches about his/her body in space. But that being said- it is not an age thing so much as developmental. If your child has great head/neck control, the spine is extended (straight) when sitting up (while you hold her), and the baby can maintain an upright posture- go for it!